Do you feel lost trying to understand the often complex Indian political landscape? Or are you a political enthusiast interested in comprehensively understanding India’s politics and key election terminology, terms, and concepts?
If so, then this blog is definitely for you! In this post, we will explore an A-Z glossary of all the essential Indian election terminology that one must know to be well-informed about what’s happening in Indian Politics.
Whether it is understanding different parties and institutions or comprehending how voting works in India – this blog aims to decode each element for better comprehension. Whether you are new or experienced with Election life in India, let’s break down every concept surrounding it as simply as possible!
Do you find yourself overwhelmed when searching for detailed information on Indian politics? Make sure the political terminology makes understanding India’s election process challenging. Please deeply dive into Indian politics with our comprehensive guide:
The Indian Election Glossary. From Abhay Yojana to Yuva Swabhiman Yojana, this glossary outlines all topics relevant to contemporary Indian Politics and includes definitions, terms, and concepts as an easy reference. With meaningful insights from political experts, allow us to provide insight through a master list of essential details that will help make this electoral season easier for interpretation.
India, the world’s largest democracy, has a complex and dynamic electoral system. Understanding election-related terms, from constitutional provisions to political jargon, is crucial for voters, politicians, and analysts alike. Here’s a comprehensive A-to-Z glossary of Indian election terminology.
India, the world’s largest democracy, conducts vast and complex elections. With a diverse electorate, a multi-tiered governance structure, and a highly competitive political environment, understanding the key terms and concepts associated with Indian elections is crucial for voters, policymakers, and observers alike.
This glossary is a comprehensive guide to the essential political terminology used in Indian elections. Covering everything from Aadhar-linked voter verification to zero-hour debates, this A-to-Z reference will help you navigate the intricate electoral landscape of India. Whether you’re a first-time voter, a political enthusiast, or a researcher, this guide will clarify critical terms, institutions, and processes that shape the Indian electoral system.
Let’s explore the Indian Election Glossary, where each letter explains a significant concept or practice integral to India’s democratic framework.
Indian Election Glossary: A to Z Indian Politics Terminology, Terms, and Concepts
Indian Election Glossary: A
India’s electoral system is vast and complex, with numerous terms and concepts governing its functioning. Here is a detailed breakdown of election-related terms beginning with the letter “A”:
Aadhar-Linked Voter ID
A proposed system where voter IDs are linked to Aadhar cards to eliminate duplicate registrations and prevent voter fraud.
Absentee Voter
A registered voter who cannot physically be present at the polling booth on election day and is eligible to vote through alternative means like a postal ballot. This applies to armed forces personnel, NRIs (Non-Resident Indians), and certain government officials.
Advance Polling
The process where specific categories of voters (such as senior citizens, disabled persons, and officials on election duty) cast their votes before the general polling day.
Affidavit (Election Affidavit)
Candidates must submit a legal document and nomination papers, disclosing their financial assets, criminal records, and educational qualifications.
All-Party Meeting
A meeting convened by the Election Commission of India (ECI) or the government to discuss important election-related matters with representatives of all political parties.
Alliance (Political Alliance)
A formal agreement between two or more political parties to contest elections together, usually to maximize electoral gains.
Anti-Defection Law
A law under the 10th Schedule of the Indian Constitution disqualifies legislators if they switch political parties after being elected. It aims to prevent political instability caused by “horse-trading” and party defections.
Appellate Authority (Election Appellate Authority)
The designated body that hears appeals against decisions made by the Election Commission, including disputes over candidate nominations and election violations.
Approved Political Party
A political party officially recognized by the Election Commission of India (ECI), meeting the criteria to contest elections under a specific election symbol.
Assembly Elections
Elections were held for the Legislative Assemblies of Indian states and Union Territories. These elections determine the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) who form the government at the state level.
Asset Declaration
A mandatory requirement is that candidates must declare their financial assets and liabilities in their election affidavit.
Assured Minimum Facilities (AMF)
Polling stations must provide facilities, including drinking water, ramps for disabled voters, waiting areas, and proper lighting.
Authorized Election Agent
A person appointed by a candidate to act on their behalf in election-related matters, including monitoring polling booths and handling election paperwork.
Automatic Disqualification
The immediate disqualification of a candidate due to violations such as not meeting eligibility criteria, criminal convictions, or failing to disclose mandatory information in affidavits.
Average Voter Turnout
The percentage of eligible voters participating in an election is calculated as a measure of electoral engagement.
Apathy (Voter Apathy)
A lack of interest or motivation among eligible voters to participate in elections often leads to low voter turnout.
Appointment of Observers
The Election Commission appoints general, expenditure, and police observers to monitor free and fair elections and prevent malpractice.
Authorized Star Campaigner
A prominent leader designated by a political party to campaign on its behalf. Parties provide the ECI with a list of star campaigners to receive unique campaign benefits like relaxed expenditure rules.
Auxiliary Polling Station
An additional polling station will be set up in cases where voter turnout in a particular area is expected to be extremely high, ensuring a smoother election process.
Indian Election Glossary: B
India’s electoral system has a vast set of terms and concepts that define its functioning. Here’s a comprehensive list of election-related terms starting with the letter “B”:
Ballot Paper
A traditional voting method in which voters mark their choice on a paper ballot. Ballot papers were widely used in India before the introduction of electronic voting machines (EVMs).
Ballot Unit (BU)
A component of the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) where voters press a button to vote for their preferred Candidate.
Booth Capturing
Booth capturing is an illegal offense in which a group forcibly takes control of a polling booth to manipulate or rig votes. It is punishable under election laws.
Booth Committee
A local-level political unit is responsible for mobilizing voters and managing party activities at a polling booth during elections.
Booth Level Agent (BLA)
A representative of a political party who assists in the voter identification process at the polling booth and ensures fair voting procedures.
Booth Level Officer (BLO)
An official appointed by the Election Commission to maintain voter lists, assist in voter registration, and oversee the electoral process at the polling station level.
Bye-Election (By-Election)
An election is conducted to fill a vacant seat due to a sitting representative’s resignation, disqualification, or death before the end of their term.
Bharat Election Fund
A proposed mechanism to improve political funding transparency, where donations to parties are channeled through a government-monitored system.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
One of India’s major national political parties is currently dominant in Indian politics.
Budget for Elections
The Election Commission of India (ECI) allocates the estimated financial expenditures for conducting elections, including logistics, security, and staff salaries.
Ballot Secrecy
A fundamental principle is ensuring that a voter’s choice remains confidential to prevent coercion or undue influence.
Booth Management Strategy
A systematic approach used by political parties to ensure voter turnout, mobilization, and campaign effectiveness at the booth level.
Bulk SMS & Call Restrictions
Regulations imposed by the Election Commission prevent political parties from sending mass SMS or making automated calls that might violate the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
Border Constituencies
Electoral constituencies located near international borders require special security arrangements during elections.
Ballot RecountRecount
A process where votes are recounted and recorded if there are discrepancies or disputes over election results.
Bribery in Elections
The illegal act of offering voters money, gifts, or incentives in exchange for votes. This is a punishable offense under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Bogus Voting
A type of electoral fraud where a person votes multiple times or impersonates another voter.
Bye-Laws for Elections
Regulations and rules laid down by election authorities govern the conduct of elections in specific states or local bodies.
Beneficiary-Oriented Schemes & Elections
Government welfare programs are sometimes scrutinized to ensure they are not misused as election incentives.
Black Money in Elections
Illegally obtained funds used in election campaigns to finance advertisements, bribery, or other unethical practices. The Election Commission has strict regulations to monitor and curb the use of black money in elections.
Indian Election Glossary: C
The Indian electoral system includes various concepts and terminologies essential for understanding the democratic process. Here’s a comprehensive list of election-related terms starting with the letter “C”:
Campaign Finance
The money raised and spent by political parties and candidates for election campaigns. It includes donations, expenses on advertisements, rallies, and outreach programs.
Candidate Nomination
The process where individuals file their candidacy to contest elections. They must submit a nomination paper, necessary documents like affidavits, and a security deposit.
Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)
The Election Commission of India (ECI) appoints the highest election officer in a state to oversee elections.
Code of Conduct (Model Code of Conduct – MCC)
A set of rules issued by the Election Commission to ensure free and fair elections. It regulates political speeches, processions, and government policies during elections.
Coalition Government
A government is formed by two or more political parties when no single party secures a majority in elections.
Constituency
A defined geographical area represented by an elected member in Lok Sabha (Parliamentary Constituency) or State Assembly (Assembly Constituency).
Counting Centre
A designated place where votes are counted after polling. Each constituency has an official counting center monitored by Election Commission officials and party representatives.
Criminalization of Politics
A major electoral issue in India where candidates with criminal backgrounds contest elections. The Supreme Court mandates that candidates declare their criminal records in election affidavits.
Cross Voting
A situation where legislators or MPs/MLAs vote against their party’s official Candidate in elections like the Rajya Sabha or Presidential elections. It usually occurs in secret ballot voting.
Campaigning Period
Political parties are allowed to conduct rallies, advertisements, and public meetings during the official period before elections. However, per the election rules, Campaigning must stop 48 hours before polling day.
Cash-for-Votes
It is illegal for candidates or political parties to offer money to voters in exchange for their votes. The Election Commission of India (ECI) monitors and takes action against such practices.
Caste-Based Politics
The influence of caste identities in elections, where political parties field candidates and design policies based on caste demographics.
Ceiling on Election Expenditure
The maximum limit on a candidate’s expenses can incur during an election campaign. The limit varies for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections and is regulated by the Election Commission.
Citizen’s Right to Vote
A fundamental right in a democracy is allowing every Indian citizen above 18 years of age to cast their vote in elections.
Challenger in Elections
A candidate contesting against an incumbent or a popular leader in an election.
Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)
The head of the Election Commission of India (ECI) is responsible for conducting free and fair elections at the national and state levels.
Communal Politics
The use of religious identities for electoral gains is discouraged and can be penalized under election laws.
Compulsory Voting (Debate in India)
A proposed reform suggests making voting mandatory for all eligible voters, similar to countries like Australia. However, India currently follows a voluntary voting system.
Congress Party (Indian National Congress – INC)
It is one of India’s oldest and most historically significant political parties, having played a crucial role in the independence movement.
Confidence Vote (Vote of Confidence)
A vote in the Lok Sabha or State Assembly to determine whether the ruling government still has majority support.
Contempt of Election Commission
Any act that disrespects or disobeys the directives of the Election Commission of India (ECI).
Convicted Candidate Ban
A law that disqualifies convicted politicians from contesting elections for a specific period, usually six years after completing their sentence under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Counting Agent
A representative appointed by a candidate or political party to observe the vote-counting process and ensure fair counting.
Criminal Defamation in Politics
Making false accusations against opponents during election campaigns can lead to legal action under defamation laws.
Corrupt Practices in Elections
Illegal activities include booth capturing, bribing voters, rigging, impersonation, and false campaign advertisements. These are punishable offenses under election laws.
Cut Motion (Election-Related Impact)
A motion moved in Parliament that can affect government policies, including those related to elections and political funding.
Cash-for-MLA Scandals
There have been instances where legislators have been offered money to switch parties or vote in favor of a particular candidate in Rajya Sabha elections.
Ceiling on Political Donations
A regulatory measure to cap the amount of money individuals and corporate entities can donate to political parties to prevent excessive influence on politics.
Coalition Politics
A political system where multiple parties come together to form a government is often seen in India due to its multi-party system.
Campaign Strategy
Political parties’ planned approach to winning elections includes door-to-door outreach, digital campaigns, rallies, and debates.
Indian Election Glossary: D
Various rules, regulations, and political practices govern India’s electoral system. Here’s a detailed glossary of election-related terms beginning with the letter “D”:
Delimitation
The process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies based on population changes. It ensures fair representation and is conducted by the Delimitation Commission of India.
Deposit (Security Deposit for Candidates)
An amount that candidates must pay while filing their nomination for elections. It is forfeited if the Candidate fails to secure at least one-sixth of the total votes.
Dissolution of Parliament
The formal termination of the Lok Sabha before new elections. It can happen either after a five-year term or earlier if dissolved by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Defection (Political Defection)
When an elected representative switches parties after winning an election, this is regulated under the Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule of the Constitution).
Direct Election
An election where voters directly elect their representatives. Examples include Lok Sabha elections and State Legislative Assembly elections.
Disqualification of Candidates
A candidate may be disqualified from contesting elections for various reasons, including:
- Criminal convictions
- Holding an office of profit
- Failing to submit election expenses
- Violating the Model Code of Conduct
Dual Membership Ban
A provision preventing a person from simultaneously holding membership in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha or both Parliament and a State Legislature.
Dummy Candidate
A candidate who contests elections not to win but to divide votes or help another main candidate.
Duty of the Election Commission
The Election Commission of India (ECI) conducts free and fair elections, ensures proper voter registration, monitors expenses, and enforces election laws.
Declaration of Results
The formal announcement of election results by the Election Commission of India (ECI) after counting votes.
Daily Expenditure Register
A document where candidates must record and report their daily election campaign expenses to ensure compliance with spending limits.
Double Voting (Multiple Voting Fraud)
It is an illegal practice where a voter casts multiple votes in different polling booths or constituencies.
Door-to-Door Campaigning
A traditional election campaign strategy where candidates and party workers visit voters directly to seek support.
Democracy in India
India follows a parliamentary democracy, where the people elect the government and are accountable to the Parliament.
Digital Election Campaign
Social media, online advertisements, and digital platforms are used to influence voters, especially in urban areas and among youth.
Dummy Ballot
A sample ballot paper is used in voter education programs to help people understand how to cast their votes.
Disinformation in Elections
The spread of false or misleading information to manipulate public opinion before elections. The Election Commission monitors and takes action against such activities.
Defective Vote
An invalid vote due to incorrect marking, damage to the ballot paper, or other procedural errors.
Deployment of Security Forces
Security forces, such as the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), are deployed during elections to prevent electoral malpractices and violence.
Dummy Voting Machine
A training version of an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) used in voter awareness programs.
Decriminalization of Politics
A reform movement aiming to eliminate criminal elements from elections by ensuring stricter rules on candidate eligibility.
Declaration of Polling Percentage
After elections, the Election Commission releases official data on voter turnout percentages in each constituency.
Death of a Candidate (Reelection Requirement)
If a contesting candidate dies before polling, the Election in that constituency is postponed and re-conducted.
Direct Cash Transfers and Election Impact
Transferring government subsidies and welfare benefits directly to citizens’ bank accounts is sometimes used as an election strategy.
Demographic Influence on Voting
Age, caste, religion, gender, and income level affect voter behavior in elections.
District Election Officer (DEO)
A senior official is responsible for overseeing the smooth conduct of elections in a district.
Double Member Constituency
A historical system where two representatives were elected from a single constituency. It was abolished in 1961.
Dummy Manifesto
Before the final release, voters often test a preliminary version of a political party’s election manifesto.
Donations to Political Parties
Financial contributions made to political parties by individuals, corporations, or electoral trusts.
Data-Driven Campaigning
AI, data analytics, and voter profiling create targeted election strategies.
Indian Election Glossary: E
Various legal, procedural, and political concepts govern the Indian electoral system. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms beginning with the letter “E”:
Election Commission of India (ECI)
An autonomous constitutional authority is responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India at the national and state levels.
Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)
A device used for casting and counting votes electronically. It replaces traditional ballot papers and is widely used in Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
Electoral Bonds
A financial instrument was introduced in 2018 to allow individuals and organizations to donate money anonymously to political parties.
Electoral College
A group of elected representatives who vote in indirect elections, such as the Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections in India.
Election Manifesto
A document published by political parties outlining their promises, policies, and governance agenda before elections.
Exit Poll
A survey is conducted after voters leave polling stations to predict election results before the official counting.
Election Affidavit
A mandatory declaration that candidates must submit, disclosing their criminal records, financial assets, liabilities, and educational qualifications.
Electoral Roll (Voter List)
A list of registered voters eligible to vote in a particular constituency.
Election Expenditure Limit
The maximum amount a candidate can spend on their election campaign. This limit varies for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.
Election Symbol
On the EVM and ballot paper, political parties and independent candidates are assigned a unique symbol to facilitate identification.
Electoral Reforms
Changes and improvements in the electoral system to make elections fair, transparent, and efficient.
Election Petition
A legal appeal was filed in court challenging the validity of election results due to alleged irregularities or malpractices.
Electoral Malpractices
Illegal activities such as booth capturing, bribery, bogus voting, and intimidation to manipulate election outcomes.
Election Observer
An official appointed by the Election Commission monitors the electoral process and ensures compliance with the Model Code of Conduct.
Election Duty
Government officials, teachers, and police personnel are assigned to conduct and oversee elections.
Election Booth (Polling Station)
A designated place where voters cast their votes on election day.
Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC/Voter ID Card)
The Election Commission of India (ECI) issued an official identity document to registered voters.
Electoral Disqualification
A candidate may be disqualified from contesting elections due to criminal convictions, corrupt practices, or failure to disclose financial assets.
Election Date Notification
The official announcement by the Election Commission specifies polling dates, nomination deadlines, and counting schedules.
Election Expenditure Observer
A special officer is appointed to monitor candidate spending and prevent excessive use of money during elections.
Electoral Literacy Program
A voter awareness initiative by the Election Commission to educate citizens about the importance of voting and the election process.
Election Rigging
Manipulation of election results through fraudulent activities like vote tampering, intimidation, and bogus voting.
Election Tribunal
A special judicial body that hears and resolves election-related disputes.
Electorate
The total number of eligible voters in a country, state, or constituency.
Election Code Violations
Breaches of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) include hate speech, paid news, and misuse of government resources.
Election Survey
A poll is conducted before or after an election to analyze voter trends and predict possible outcomes.
Electoral Turnout (Voter Turnout)
The percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.
Electoral Alliances
A coalition between political parties to maximize electoral gains by contesting elections together.
Election Date Scheduling
The Election Commission decides polling dates, ensuring they do not coincide with festivals, board exams, or major public events.
Electoral Integrity
The principle is that elections should be free, fair, transparent, and free from external influence.
Indian Election Glossary: F
Various legal, procedural, and political terms govern the Indian electoral process. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “F”:
First-past-the-post (FPTP) System
India follows the FPTP electoral system, where the Candidate who secures the most votes in a constituency wins, even if they do not receive an absolute majority.
Free and Fair Elections
A fundamental principle is ensuring that elections are conducted without fraud, coercion, intimidation, or manipulation.
Forfeiture of Deposit
Candidates must submit a security deposit when filing nominations. Their deposit is forfeited if they fail to secure one-sixth (16.67%) of the total votes.
Full Bench of Election Commission
A meeting where all the Election Commissioners, including the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), deliberate on major election-related decisions.
Floating Voter
A voter who does not have strong loyalty to any political party may change their preference in every Election.
Form 6 (Voter Registration Form)
The application form is used to register a new voter or transfer a voter’s name from one constituency to another.
Form 17C (Polling Data Record)
A document used during elections to record the total number of votes cast at a polling station, which is later used for counting.
False Voting (Bogus Voting)
An electoral malpractice where a person votes multiple times or impersonates another voter.
Foreign Donations to Political Parties
According to the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), political parties in India cannot accept donations from foreign sources.
Franchise (Right to Vote)
The constitutional right of every Indian citizen above 18 years to vote in elections.
Fake News in Elections
The deliberate spread of misinformation and propaganda to influence voters and discredit opponents during campaigns.
Female Voter Turnout
A significant electoral metric that tracks women’s participation in elections has been rising in India recently.
Floor Test
A process where a government must prove its majority in the legislature, often after a political crisis or defection.
Fast Track Courts for Election Disputes
Special courts are set up to handle election-related legal cases quickly, such as disputes over candidate eligibility and election results.
Form 7 (Voter Deletion Request)
A form voters use to remove their names from electoral rolls due to relocation, death, or incorrect entries.
Fake Electorate Scam
A fraudulent practice where fake or duplicate voter registrations are created to manipulate election outcomes.
Felony Disqualification
A rule that prevents individuals convicted of serious crimes from contesting elections for a specified period.
First-Time Voters
Citizens who have turned 18 vote for the first time in an election.
Fixed-Term Legislature
In India, Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies have a tenure of five years unless dissolved earlier.
Fundraising for Political Parties
Collecting donations from individuals, businesses, and electoral bonds to finance election campaigns.
Freebies in Elections
Political parties often promise free goods and services, such as electricity, education, and healthcare, to attract voters. The Election Commission monitors such promises to ensure they do not violate election laws.
Face-Off Debates
Public debates between political leaders and candidates during election campaigns are uncommon in India.
False Affidavit by Candidates
If a candidate submits incorrect or misleading information in their election affidavit, they can be disqualified and face legal action.
Fringe Political Parties
Small or newly formed political parties with limited influence and voter base often contest elections in select constituencies.
Fake Voter ID Cards
Allowing unregistered people to vote is a fraudulent method of rigging elections. The Election Commission prevents this by using Aadhar linking and voter verification.
Floor Crossing (Defection)
A practice where an elected representative switches political parties, leading to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law.
Foreign Election Observers
Representatives from international organizations monitor India’s elections to ensure transparency and adherence to democratic principles.
Formal Recognition of Political Parties
The Election Commission of India (ECI) grants parties “National Party” or “State Party” status based on vote share and number of seats won.
Fake Opinion Polls
Manipulated or biased pre-election surveys designed to mislead voters about the popularity of parties or candidates.
Federal Structure and Elections
India’s elections follow a federal structure, with governance shared between the central and state governments, each having its electoral processes.
Indian Election Glossary: G
The Indian electoral system is complex and includes many essential terms. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “G”:
Gerrymandering
The manipulation of electoral constituency boundaries to favor a particular political party. While India has a Delimitation Commission to prevent gerrymandering, political influence in boundary decisions is often debated.
General Elections
Nationwide elections are held every five years to elect members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The party or coalition with the majority forms the central government.
Grand Alliance (MahaGathbandhan)
A coalition of multiple political parties that come together to contest elections and prevent vote splitting among opposition parties.
Gazette Notification of Elections
An official government notification issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) declaring the dates, phases, and rules for an upcoming election.
Gender Representation in Elections
The proportion of male and female candidates and voters in an election. India has seen rising female voter turnout, but women’s representation in legislatures remains lower.
Government Formation
After elections, the President or governor invites the party or coalition with the majority in the Lok Sabha or a State Assembly to form the government.
Grievance Redressal in Elections
A system where voters and candidates can file complaints regarding election irregularities, misconduct, or violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
Governor’s Role in Elections
The state governor plays a role in elections by recommending the dissolution of the State Assembly, inviting the largest party to form the government, and supervising the President’s Rule when needed.
Grandfather Clause (Voting Rights Protection)
A provision that allows existing laws and rights to continue, even if new rules are introduced. In elections, this sometimes applies to voter eligibility and constituency demarcation.
Guaranteed Election Fund
A proposed system where the government regulates election financing to ensure fair funding for all parties and prevent money-driven politics.
Grassroots Campaigning
Political Campaigning at the local level, where candidates interact directly with voters through door-to-door visits, regional rallies, and community meetings.
Government Schemes and Elections
Political parties often appeal to voters by using government schemes and welfare programs. The Election Commission ensures that such programs are not misused for electoral benefits.
Group Voting (Bloc Voting)
When a specific group of voters, such as a community, caste, or trade union, votes collectively for a single party or Candidate.
Green Politics in Elections
Including environmental issues, climate change policies, and sustainability in election campaigns.
Grand Old Party
This term is often used to refer to the Indian National Congress (INC), the oldest political party in India, which played a crucial role in the freedom struggle.
Ground Report on Elections
Reports from journalists, party workers, and analysts providing real-time election updates from different constituencies.
Government Media Usage in Elections
Government-controlled media, such as Doordarshan and All India Radio (AIR), must provide equal airtime to all major political parties during elections.
Green Voting (Eco-Friendly Elections)
Efforts to conduct paperless, digital, and environment-friendly elections by reducing plastic and paper usage in campaign materials.
General Voter vs. Service Voter
- General Voter – A regular voter who votes at a polling station.
- Service Voter – Armed forces personnel and government employees who can vote via postal ballot.
Guarantee vs. Promise in Election Manifestos
- Guarantee – A legally binding assurance a party gives, often based on government policies.
- Promise – A commitment made in election manifestos without legal obligation.
Governance and Elections
The connection between good governance and electoral success is where parties highlight their governance track record to win votes.
Global Influence on Indian Elections
The impact of international policies, global political trends, and foreign funding on Indian elections.
Government Employees on Election Duty
Certain government officials, such as teachers and civil servants, are deployed to conduct polling, manage voter lists, and oversee security.
Gig Economy and Elections
The role of temporary workers, influencers, and online campaigners hired for election promotions and digital marketing.
Golden Vote
A term used when a single vote decides an election outcome, often in closely contested seats.
Generational Shift in Voting Patterns
There is a difference in voting preferences between older and younger generations, with younger voters more influenced by social media and digital campaigns.
Gallup Polls and Elections
Gallup-style opinion polls and surveys are conducted to predict voting trends and voter sentiments.
Government-Run Voting Awareness Campaigns
Initiatives such as SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation) aim to increase voter awareness and turnout.
General Secretary of Political Parties
A senior leader manages party affairs, election strategy, and coordination.
Golden Jubilee Elections
Elections were held during a major milestone of Indian democracy, such as 50 years of independence (1997).
Indian Election Glossary: H
The Indian electoral system has a variety of terms related to governance, voting, and political strategies. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “H”:
Hanging Parliament
A situation where no single party or coalition secures a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, leading to political instability and negotiations for alliances.
House of the People (Lok Sabha)
The lower house of the Indian Parliament, where members are elected directly by the people, holds elections every five years or earlier if the house is dissolved.
High Court and Election Disputes
The High Court can hear petitions regarding electoral malpractice, candidate eligibility, and counting irregularities.
Horse Trading in Politics
A term used to describe unethical practices where elected representatives are bribed or influenced to switch parties, often seen in Rajya Sabha elections and government formation.
Hung Assembly
A situation where no single party or coalition wins a majority in a State Legislative Assembly, leading to coalition negotiations or President’s Rule.
Hot Seats in Elections
Electoral constituencies that are highly competitive, politically sensitive, or crucial for determining the overall election outcome.
House Dissolution and Elections
When the Lok Sabha or a State Legislative Assembly is dissolved before completing its full term, leading to early elections.
Homogeneous Voting Patterns
When a particular community, caste, or religious group votes predominantly for a single party.
Hand Symbol in Elections
The official election symbol of the Indian National Congress (INC), one of India’s oldest political parties.
House Leader in Elections
The majority party’s leader in Lok Sabha becomes the Prime Minister or, in the case of State Assemblies, the Chief Minister.
Headcount System in Voting
This is an old and informal method in which a physical headcount counted votes before the introduction of EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines).
Hoardings and Election Advertising
Large-scale political billboards and banners are used for election campaigns regulated by the Election Commission to prevent excessive spending.
Higher Turnout Constituencies
Regions where voter turnout exceeds the national or state average often influence the overall election result.
Hostile Campaigning
A type of negative Campaigning where parties use personal attacks, inflammatory speeches, and false allegations against opponents.
Habeas Corpus and Election Candidates
A legal provision that allows a wrongfully detained election candidate or voter to approach the court for release.
House Majority and Government Formation
A party or coalition must secure a simple majority (50% + one seat) in the Lok Sabha or a State Assembly to form the government.
Hybrid Campaigning
A mix of traditional (rallies, door-to-door canvassing) and digital (social media, virtual town halls) election strategies.
Handling of Electoral Rolls
The Election Commission updates and verifies electoral rolls to ensure fair voter registration and prevent bogus voting.
Heavyweight Candidates
Political leaders with significant influence, experience, or popularity often contest from key constituencies.
Heritage and Election Narratives
Political parties often appeal to voters by using historical and cultural narratives, emphasizing their party’s legacy and past achievements.
Horse Race Journalism in Elections
A type of media coverage that focuses on opinion polls, candidate popularity, and election-day drama rather than policy discussions.
House Adjournment Before Elections
Before general elections, the Parliament or State Assembly has adjourned sine die (without a future date) to allow political leaders to campaign.
Hindutva and Electoral Politics
A term referring to the ideological positioning of political parties that promote Hindu cultural identity in elections.
Home Minister and Election Security
The Union Home Minister ensures free and fair elections, deploys security forces, and prevents election-related violence.
Hijacking of Election Issues
When one political party takes over a key election issue initially raised by another party to gain electoral advantage.
Hope Vote
Votes are cast in favor of a party or Candidate due to future aspirations rather than past performance.
Hand Counting of Votes
A manual vote-counting system was used in ballot paper elections before the introduction of EVMs.
Hashtag Politics in Elections
Using trending social media hashtags for election campaigns influences public opinion and youth voters.
House Speaker and Election Conduct
The Speaker of Lok Sabha or State Assembly ensures that elections for the Deputy Speaker, Committee Members, and other parliamentary roles are conducted fairly.
Hostile Takeover of Political Parties
A situation where one faction within a political party overthrows the leadership or merges with another party for electoral benefits.
Indian Election Glossary: I
The Indian electoral system has a rich set of terms governing the democratic process. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “I”:
Incumbent
A sitting elected representative is currently in office and seeking reelection.
Indian National Congress (INC)
One of India’s oldest and most influential political parties, founded in 1885, with a significant role in the freedom movement and post-independence governance.
Independent Candidate
A candidate who contests elections without being affiliated with any political party.
Indelible Ink
A permanent ink made of silver nitrate is applied to a voter’s finger after casting a vote to prevent multiple votes. It remains visible for several days.
Indian Electoral System
In India, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system is used for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections, in which the Candidate with the most votes wins.
Interim Government
A temporary government is formed before fresh elections, often when a government collapses due to a no-confidence motion.
Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) Debate in India
A proposed alternative to FPTP, where voters rank candidates in order of preference. While India doesn’t use IRV, some experts suggest it for presidential or local elections.
Issue-Based Politics
Election campaigns focus on policy matters, such as education, healthcare, and employment, rather than caste, religion, or personal attacks.
Indian Voter ID (EPIC – Electoral Photo Identity Card)
A mandatory identification card issued by the Election Commission of India to all registered voters.
Informed Voting
This concept encourages voters to educate themselves about candidates, policies, and election manifestos before voting.
Internal Democracy in Political Parties
The practice of conducting transparent internal elections within political parties for leadership selection and candidate nominations.
Influence of Money in Elections
The role of corporate donations, black money, and campaign financing in shaping electoral outcomes.
Impersonation in Elections
A type of electoral fraud where a person votes by pretending to be someone else, which is punishable under election laws.
India‘s Election Laws
Key laws governing elections in India include:
- Representation of the People Act, 1951
- Conduct of Election Rules, 1961
- Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule of the Constitution)
Inciting Speech During Elections
A hate speech or inflammatory statement made by political leaders to create communal or caste-based divisions during elections.
Intimidation of Voters
A criminal offense where voters are threatened or coerced to vote for a particular candidate or party.
Inclusive Elections
Ensuring that women, marginalized communities, and differently-abled voters have equal access to the electoral process.
Internal Surveys of Political Parties
Secret surveys conducted by political parties to assess voter sentiment, party performance, and winnability of candidates.
Inter-State Migrant Voting Rights
A proposed reform to allow migrant workers to vote remotely or in their residing states.
Issue-Based Alliances
When political parties form alliances based on specific ideological or policy issues, such as economic reforms or caste representation.
Invalid Votes
Votes that are not counted due to improper marking, multiple selections, or damage to the ballot/EVM malfunction.
India’s Multi-Phase Elections
Elections in India are often conducted in multiple phases for logistical, security, and administrative reasons.
Interim Budget and Elections
A temporary budget is presented before general elections if the government’s tenure is about to end.
Influencer-Based Election Campaigns
The use of social media influencers and celebrities to shape voter opinions during elections.
Income Tax and Political Donations
Political parties in India receive tax-exempt donations, but they must declare funding sources above ₹20,000.
Integrity of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)
A key debate in Indian elections is regarding the security, tampering risks, and reliability of EVMs.
Indian Diaspora Voting Rights
NRIs (Non-Resident Indians) have limited voting rights, and proposals exist to allow them to vote through postal ballots or online voting.
Interference in Elections
Foreign or corporate influence on elections through funding, propaganda, or lobbying.
Issue-Based Referendums
A proposed reform would allow major policy decisions to be voted upon directly by the public rather than solely by elected representatives.
International Election Observers
Foreign election monitoring teams from the United Nations (UN), Commonwealth, and NGOs observe Indian elections to ensure transparency and democratic standards.
Indian Election Glossary: J
The Indian electoral system has several terms that define the democratic process. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “J”:
Judicial Review in Elections
The power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to review election-related decisions, such as disputes over election results, candidate disqualifications, and violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
Janata Dal (JD)
A prominent political party that played a crucial role in Indian politics during the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in coalition governments.
Jumping Constituencies (Seat Hopping)
A strategy where politicians contest elections from different constituencies in different election cycles to increase their chances of winning.
Joint Electoral Rally
A political rally conducted by multiple parties in an alliance to demonstrate unity and support for common candidates.
Jungle Raj in Politics
A term used in Indian political discourse to describe a breakdown of law and order under a particular government. It is often used as campaign rhetoric by opposition parties.
Jan Andolan (People’s Movement) and Elections
Mass movements and protests significantly influence voter behavior and election outcomes. Examples include the JP Movement (1970s) and the Anna Hazare-led anti-corruption movement (2011-12).
Judicial Disqualification of Candidates
A legal ruling is when a court disqualifies a candidate from contesting elections due to criminal convictions, election fraud, or corruption charges.
Janata Parivar
A collective term for socialist political parties in India that emerged from the Janata Party, including Samajwadi Party (SP), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), and Janata Dal (United) JD(U).
Justification for Election Code Violations
Legal and political arguments made by candidates or parties to defend actions that violate election regulations.
Jail Term and Electoral Eligibility
As per the Representation of the People Act, 1951, a candidate sentenced to two years or more in prison is disqualified from contesting elections.
Joint Candidate in Elections
A candidate supported by multiple political parties in a coalition is often seen in Presidential and Rajya Sabha elections.
Jumping Party Lines (Political Defection)
When an elected representative switches political parties after winning an election, it often leads to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule of the Constitution).
Judicial Commission on Electoral Reforms
A proposed legal body that would review and recommend improvements to India’s election laws.
Job Guarantee and Election Promises
Political parties often promise employment schemes, government jobs, and economic opportunities to attract voters.
Janmat (Public Opinion) Surveys
Pre-election surveys were conducted to gauge voter sentiment and predict electoral outcomes.
Jati (Caste) and Voting Behavior
Caste-based voting is a significant factor in Indian elections, influencing candidate selection, party strategies, and voter preferences.
Jan Lokpal and Political Accountability
The concept of anti-corruption laws and independent watchdogs, such as the Jan Lokpal Bill, became a major electoral issue in the 2014 elections.
Justice Party (Historical Electoral Influence)
A pre-independence political party that played a role in Dravidian politics and influenced modern political parties like the DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam).
Joint Parliament Sessions and Electoral Laws
A combined session of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha convened to resolve deadlocks over election-related bills.
Judicial Scrutiny of Electoral Bonds
A legal review of the Electoral Bond Scheme, which allows anonymous political donations.
Jingoism in Election Campaigns
The use of hyper-nationalistic or aggressive patriotism to influence voters.
Joint Funding of Election Campaigns
When multiple corporations, individuals, or interest groups contribute funds to a candidate’s election campaign.
Jail Vote (Voting Rights for Prisoners)
In India, prisoners (except under-trial detainees) are not allowed to vote as per election laws.
Judicial Activism in Electoral Reforms
When the Supreme Court or High Courts intervene in election-related issues to ensure fair practices and voter rights protection.
Job Reservation and Election Campaigns
In their election manifestos, many parties promise job reservations for different communities (SC, ST, OBC, EWS).
Janata Party and Its Electoral Legacy
A party formed in 1977 that defeated the Congress government after the Emergency, leading to India’s first non-Congress central government.
Judicial Monitoring of Political Party Funding
The Supreme Court and Election Commission regulate and audit funding political parties receive to prevent black money in elections.
Justification for Booth Capturing Allegations
Candidates accused of booth capturing often defend themselves by blaming party workers, security failures, or mismanagement.
Joint Election Manifesto in Coalitions
A single policy document issued by multiple parties in an alliance outlining their common promises and governance agenda.
Judicial Inquiries into Election Violence
Post-election court-supervised investigations into cases of riots, voter intimidation, and election-related violence.
Indian Election Glossary: K
The Indian electoral process includes various legal, political, and procedural terms. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “K”:
Kadha Vote (Tough Contest Vote)
A term used when elections are closely contested, and the winning margin is tiny.
Kamraj Plan
Congress leader K. Kamaraj introduced a political strategy in 1963 in which senior leaders resigned from government positions to strengthen the party at the grassroots level.
Karyakarta (Party Worker)
A grassroots-level political activist or volunteer is responsible for mobilizing voters and promoting a party’s election campaign.
Kingmaker in Elections
A minor political party or leader who, despite not winning a majority, plays a crucial role in government formation by supporting larger parties.
Key Issues in Elections
The main topics influencing voter decisions are jobs, inflation, corruption, caste, religion, and economic growth.
Kamal Pushp (BJP Electoral Campaign)
A term associated with the BJP’s political branding, it represents the lotus (the party’s election symbol) as a symbol of governance and growth.
KYC (Know Your Candidate) Initiative
The Election Commission of India (ECI) conducts a voter awareness campaign to inform voters about contesting candidates’ criminal records, assets, and liabilities.
Kamandal vs. Mandal Politics
- Kamandal Politics – Refers to using religious identity and Hindutva ideology in elections.
- Mandal Politics – Refers to caste-based reservation and social justice movements influencing elections.
Key Voter Demographics
Important voter groups include youth, women, first-time, and rural vs. urban voters.
Karnataka Model in Elections
A reference to Karnataka’s coalition government and political strategies is often discussed in state-level coalition politics.
Khaki Vote (Security Forces’ Vote)
This term refers to votes cast by police, paramilitary, and military personnel who often vote via postal ballots.
Kisan (Farmer) Votes
The influence of agricultural policies, Minimum Support Prices (MSP), and farmer welfare schemes in determining the voting behavior of farmers and rural voters.
King’s Party
A political term is used when a party is seen as too close to the ruling establishment or enjoying government patronage.
Knowledge-Based Voting
Encouraging voters to make informed choices based on policies and governance rather than caste, religion, or emotions.
Kamadhenu Politics
This is a reference to political parties using cow protection and cattle welfare policies as election campaign tools, especially in rural and Hindu-majority constituencies.
Keynote Election Speech
A high-impact speech by a prominent political leader often sets the tone for an entire election campaign.
Kshatriya Votes in Elections
The influence of Kshatriya (warrior caste) voters in North Indian elections, particularly in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.
Karyalaya (Party Headquarters)
Strategies, meetings, and election planning occur in the political party’s office.
Kul Vote (Caste-Based Voting)
The tradition of voting along caste lines, where certain communities consistently support specific parties.
Kinetic Campaigning
A high-energy campaign strategy includes rapid party worker mobilization, social media outreach, and aggressive ground-level Campaigning.
Karnataka Lokayukta and Political Scandals
Refers to the anti-corruption body in Karnataka, which has played a role in exposing political corruption during elections.
Kashmir Elections
A reference to the unique electoral process in Jammu & Kashmir, where special security measures, Article 370 debates, and cross-border influences impact voter participation.
Khilafat and Early Electoral Mobilization
The Khilafat Movement (1920s) played a role in Muslim political mobilization in pre-independence India, influencing later election strategies.
KYC for Political Donations
A proposed reform to make political donations more transparent, ensuring that only verified sources contribute to election funds.
Kitna Percent Vote (Election Margin Analysis)
A term used in election analysis to calculate the vote share difference between winning and losing candidates.
Kamzor Varg (Weaker Sections) Voting Rights
A reference to special efforts made to increase voter turnout among Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and marginalized communities.
Kumbh and Election Politics
Large religious gatherings like Kumbh Mela influence voter mobilization, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh elections.
Kahani Badal Di (Changing Election Narrative)
A term used when a party successfully shifts the political discourse to divert attention from controversial issues.
Knock-Out Elections
A phrase used when an election is decisive in ending a party’s dominance, such as the Congress defeat in 1977 and 2014.
Kattar Hindu (Hardline Hindutva Vote Base)
A term used in election debates to describe right-wing Hindu nationalist voting patterns.
Indian Election Glossary: L
India’s electoral system includes various terms that define political strategies, governance, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “L”:
Landslide Victory
An election outcome is where a political party or Candidate wins by an overwhelming majority, often securing many seats.
Lok Sabha (House of the People)
The lower house of Parliament in India, where voters directly elect members through general elections held every five years.
Legislative Assembly Elections
Elections are conducted to elect State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) members who form the state government.
Legislative Council Elections
Elections for the upper house of state legislatures (where applicable). Members are elected through MLAs, local bodies, teachers, and graduates.
Loktantra (Democracy) in Elections
This refers to India’s democratic structure, where elections are the foundation of national, state, and local governance.
Low Voter Turnout
A situation where a lower-than-expected percentage of eligible voters participate in elections, often influenced by apathy, security concerns, or political disengagement.
Last Date for Nomination
The final date by which candidates must submit their nomination papers to contest elections.
Lapsed Election Promises
Promises made by political parties in their election manifestos that are not fulfilled after coming to power.
Legislative Quota System
A system where reserved seats are allocated for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in legislatures.
Left-Wing Parties in Elections
The Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) are political parties that advocate for socialism, labor rights, and government intervention in the economy.
Law Commission and Electoral Reforms
A government-appointed body that reviews and suggests legal reforms for a better election process.
Leader of Opposition (LoP)
The leader of the largest opposition party in Parliament or a State Assembly is important in government accountability.
Local Body Elections
Elections are conducted for Municipal Corporations, Panchayats, and Zilla Parishads to elect representatives at the grassroots level.
Last-Minute Campaigning
The final phase of election campaigns is just before the 48-hour silence period begins.
Litigations in Election Disputes
Legal challenges related to election results, candidate disqualifications, or polling irregularities are often settled in the High Courts or the Supreme Court.
Live Telecast of Election Results
Major news channels provide real-time updates on vote counting and trends during election results day.
Lame Duck Period in Elections
The transition phase between an outgoing government and the formation of a new government is a period during which policy decisions are restricted.
Line of Succession in Political Parties
A term used when political families or dynasties control leadership within parties.
Lokayukta and Election Scandals
A state-level anti-corruption watchdog that investigates election-related financial fraud and misuse of power.
Lok Sabha Speaker and Electoral Role
The Speaker of Lok Sabha is responsible for conducting debates, discussions, and no-confidence motions, directly impacting political stability.
Last-Mile Voter Mobilization
Efforts made by political parties in the final days of elections to increase turnout among undecided or rural voters.
Leadership Debates Before Elections
Televised or public debates between chief ministerial and prime ministerial candidates on policy issues.
Local Alliances in Elections
Electoral tie-ups between regional and national parties to strengthen state-level election strategies.
Lokpal and Political Accountability
A national-level anti-corruption watchdog that can investigate allegations against politicians and bureaucrats.
Law and Order Issues During Elections
The Election Commission and security forces handle security concerns related to polling station violence, booth capturing, or voter intimidation.
Legislative Amendments for Election Reforms
Changes made in election laws to ensure fair and transparent electoral processes.
Landmark Election Verdicts
Historic Supreme Court and High Court rulings that have shaped India’s electoral laws, such as:
- Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975) – Declared Indira Gandhi’s Election invalid.
- Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013) – Disqualified convicted legislators.
Liquor Distribution in Elections
A form of election malpractice where alcohol is illegally distributed to voters to influence election results.
Literacy and Voting Patterns
How education levels influence political awareness and voter turnout in different regions.
Local Language Election Campaigns
Political parties use regional languages to connect with voters in different states, making linguistic identity an important electoral factor.
Indian Election Glossary: M
The Indian electoral process includes various terms defining governance, political strategies, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “M”:
Model Code of Conduct (MCC)
A set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to ensure free, fair, and peaceful elections. It comes into effect from the announcement of the elections until the electoral process is completed.
Manifesto (Election Manifesto)
A public declaration of policies and promises issued by political parties before elections. It outlines their governance priorities if elected to power.
Majority Government
A government is formed when a single party or coalition secures more than 50% of seats in the Lok Sabha or a State Assembly.
Multi-Phase Elections
Elections are conducted in multiple stages across different regions to ensure security, proper administration, and smooth voting.
Money Power in Elections
Money’s influence in election campaigns often involves large-scale spending on advertisements, rallies, and voter mobilization.
Muslim Vote Bank
A term used in Indian politics refers to the electoral influence of Muslim voters, who often play a crucial role in several constituencies.
Minimum Vote Share Requirement
The percentage of total votes a party must secure to be recognized as a National or State Party by the Election Commission.
Mixed-Member Electoral System Debate
A proposed alternative to the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system, where voters elect some candidates directly and others through proportional representation.
Minority Reservation in Elections
Reserved constituencies for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to ensure their political representation.
Misinformation in Elections
The spread of false news, propaganda, and fake narratives to influence voters.
Multi-Cornered Contest
An election with more than three major political parties or candidates competing leads to vote splitting.
Maharaja Syndrome in Politics
A term used to describe dynastic politics, where families dominate leadership positions in political parties.
Mahagathbandhan (Grand Alliance)
A coalition of multiple political parties formed to contest elections together, usually to defeat a dominant ruling party.
Media’s Role in Elections
The influence of news channels, newspapers, and digital platforms in shaping voter opinions and election outcomes.
Minimum Turnout Rule
A proposed electoral reform suggests that elections should be invalidated if voter turnout falls below a certain percentage.
Marginal Seats in Elections
Constituencies with a small winning margin make them highly competitive in every Election.
Military Voters and Postal Ballots
Special voting provisions allow armed forces personnel to vote via postal or proxy voting.
Majority Vote vs. Popular Vote
- Majority Vote – When a candidate secures over 50% of total votes.
- Popular Vote – The total number of votes a party or Candidate receives across all constituencies.
Matdaan Kendra (Polling Booth)
The designated polling station where voters cast their votes.
Matriarchal Politics
A term used when female leaders dominate political parties and decision-making.
Mudslinging in Campaigns
A form of negative Campaigning where candidates attack opponents through personal accusations and character defamation.
Multiple Candidature Prohibition Debate
A proposed electoral reform to ban candidates from contesting elections from multiple constituencies simultaneously.
Media Blackout Period
Exit polls, political ads, and election coverage were restricted during the 48-hour silence before voting.
Mock Polling (EVM Testing)
A trial run of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) is conducted before the elections to ensure smooth functionality and prevent technical issues.
Mixed Voting Patterns
A situation where voters support different parties for different elections, such as voting for one party in Lok Sabha and another in State Assembly elections.
Misuse of Government Machinery in Elections
When ruling parties use government resources, officials, or announcements of schemes for electoral advantage, violating the Model Code of Conduct.
Migrant Voters and Election Challenges
The difficulties faced by migrant workers and laborers who often miss voting due to location-based restrictions.
Media Bias in Elections
The favoritism shown by media houses towards a particular political party influences public perception.
Manipulated Opinion Polls
Pre-election surveys that are biased or misleading are aimed at influencing voter decisions rather than presenting objective findings.
Matdaan Parche (Voter Slip)
A document issued to voters before elections, providing details about their polling station and voter number.
Indian Election Glossary: N
The Indian electoral system includes several important terms that define governance, political strategies, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “N”:
National Party
A political party that meets the Election Commission of India’s (ECI) criteria to be recognized as a National Party requires a presence in multiple states, a certain percentage of votes, and seats in Parliament.
Nomination Paper
A legal document that a candidate must submit to contest an election. It includes details of the Candidate’s affidavit, financial disclosures, and criminal records (if any).
NOTA (None of the Above)
The Supreme Court of India introduced an option for the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in 2013, allowing voters to reject all candidates contesting a constituency.
Negative Voting
A voting practice where a voter chooses NOTA, indicating dissatisfaction with all contesting candidates.
Nomination Withdrawal Deadline
The last date a candidate can withdraw their nomination after filing their papers.
Non-Resident Indian (NRI) Voting Rights
Indian citizens living abroad (NRIs) can vote in elections, but they must currently be physically present in their registered constituency. Discussions have been held about introducing online or postal voting for NRIs.
Nepotism in Politics
Political leaders promoting family members for positions of power led to dynastic politics.
National Electoral Roll Purification (NERP)
An initiative by the Election Commission to clean up voter lists, remove duplicate or fake entries, and update voter information.
Narrow Victory Margin
A situation where a candidate wins an election by a minimal number of votes.
New Voter Registration
Registration to vote is when first-time voters or relocated citizens register to vote. It is facilitated through Form 6 in the electoral process.
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
A coalition of right-wing and centrist political parties in India, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
News Blackout During Elections
A period when news agencies are prohibited from broadcasting certain election-related content, such as exit polls, before polling ends.
National Register of Citizens (NRC) and Voting Rights
A citizenship verification system that impacts voter eligibility, particularly in Assam and other northeastern states.
No-Confidence Motion and Elections
A motion moved in Parliament or a State Assembly against the ruling government, leading to fresh elections if the motion succeeds.
Night Campaigning Ban
The Election Commission’s restriction on political campaigns after 10 PM to prevent public disturbances and voter manipulation.
Number of Seats Required for Majority
A party or coalition needs 272 out of 543 seats in Lok Sabha elections to form the government.
National Political Alliances
Groups of multiple parties, such as the UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and NDA (National Democratic Alliance), contest elections together at the national level.
Notification of Elections
The Election Commission of India (ECI) officially announced election dates, nomination deadlines, and polling schedules.
No Campaign Zone
Areas where election campaigning is restricted include polling stations, religious places, and government buildings.
Non-Serious Candidates
Individuals who contest elections without strong public support or political backing often divide votes or gain attention.
Nomination Fee (Security Deposit)
An amount a candidate must pay when filing nomination papers. It is forfeited if the Candidate fails to secure at least one-sixth of the votes.
National Emergency and Elections
General elections can be postponed during a National Emergency as per constitutional provisions.
Neutral Election Observers
The Election Commission appoints independent officers to ensure free and fair elections.
Night Raids for Election Code Violations
Law enforcement agencies conduct raids to seize illegal cash, liquor, and gifts meant to influence voters.
Non-Partisan Voters
Voters who do not align with any political party often choose based on candidate merit and policies.
Newspaper Advertisements in Elections
Political parties often publish campaign ads, manifestos, and voter appeals in newspapers and print media.
Nodal Officer for Elections
A government official designated to coordinate election activities, including security, logistics, and voter education.
New Electoral Reforms
Recent or proposed changes in election laws include one-nation-one elections, online voting, and stricter campaign finance laws.
Null and Void Election
The courts can declare an election null and void due to violations of election laws, fraud, or malpractice.
National Council Meetings of Political Parties
Annual meetings where major political parties discuss election strategies, candidate selection, and policy priorities.
Indian Election Glossary: O
The Indian electoral system has important concepts defining governance, political strategies, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “O”:
Official Candidate
A candidate officially nominated and supported by a recognized political party to contest elections.
Opinion Poll
A pre-election survey conducted by media houses or research agencies to predict voter preferences and election trends.
One Nation, One Election
A proposed electoral reform in India to simultaneously hold Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections to reduce election costs and administrative burden.
Open Ballot System
A voting system in which votes are not secret is commonly used in India’s Rajya Sabha, Legislative Council, and Presidential elections.
Over-Voting
A situation where the number of votes counted exceeds the total number of registered voters in a constituency, often indicating electoral fraud.
Oath of Office for Elected Representatives
After winning an election, candidates must take an official oath of office before assuming their roles in Parliament, State Assemblies, or Local Bodies.
Observers in Elections
Officials appointed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to monitor the electoral process and ensure fair elections.
Online Voter Registration
The Election Commission allows eligible citizens to register to vote through online portals like the National Voters’ Service Portal (NVSP).
Overseas Voter (NRI Voter)
A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) who is eligible to vote in Indian elections. Currently, NRIs must be physically present in their constituency to cast their vote.
Online Voting Debate
A proposed electoral reform to allow electronic or online voting for remote and overseas voters, aiming to increase voter participation.
Opposition Leader (Leader of Opposition – LoP)
The leader of the largest opposition party in Parliament or a State Assembly. The LoP is important in debates, policy decisions, and accountability checks.
Overdue Elections
Elections delayed beyond their scheduled period are often due to natural disasters, law and order issues, or national emergencies.
Open Campaigning
Election campaigns are conducted publicly through rallies, door-to-door canvassing, and advertisements, as opposed to underground or secret Campaigning.
Organized Booth Capturing
A form of electoral malpractice where groups forcibly take control of polling booths to manipulate votes.
Official Gazette Notification for Elections
A government notification that formally announces election dates, nomination deadlines, and polling schedules.
Overseeing Vote Counting
Monitoring vote counting ensures accuracy fairness, and prevents manipulation.
Opposition Unity in Elections
When multiple opposition parties form alliances to contest elections against a dominant ruling party.
Opinion Manipulation During Elections
Fake news, propaganda, and biased surveys influence public perception before elections.
Official Electoral Symbols
The Election Commission allotted unique symbols to political parties to help voters identify candidates on EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines).
One Vote, One Value Principle
A fundamental democratic principle ensures that each vote carries equal weight, preventing discrimination in electoral representation.
Outstation Voter Challenges
Issues faced by voters living in a city or state different from their registered constituency make it difficult to vote on polling day.
Online Political Advertisements in Elections
The use of social media platforms, Google ads, and digital marketing to influence voter behavior and reach a larger audience.
Overspending in Election Campaigns
A violation of Election Commission guidelines, where candidates spend more than the legally allowed election budget.
Out-of-Turn Disqualification
A situation where an elected representative is disqualified before their term ends due to violating election laws or criminal charges.
Outreach Programs for First-Time Voters
Initiatives launched by the Election Commission to educate and encourage first-time voters to participate in elections.
One Constituency, Multiple Candidates Rule
An election scenario where multiple candidates from the same party contest elections due to internal disputes.
Outright Electoral Bribery
A direct and illegal exchange of money, gifts, or favors for votes, punishable under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
One-Sided Election
An election where one Candidate or party wins by a massive margin, with no strong opposition.
Overlapping Jurisdictions in Election Laws
Disputes arise when state and central governments have conflicting election laws or overlapping powers.
Ongoing Electoral Reforms in India
Proposed or implemented changes aimed at improving voter turnout, transparency in funding, and reducing election malpractices.
Indian Election Glossary: P
The Indian electoral system has many important terms related to governance, voting, and political strategies. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “P”:
Paid News
A practice where media outlets receive payments to publish favorable content for a political party or Candidate, violating election ethics.
Parliamentary Elections
Elections are held for the Lok Sabha (House of the People) to elect Members of Parliament (MPs) who form the central government.
Panchayat Elections
Local-level elections are conducted to elect representatives for Village Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and Zilla Parishads.
Political Funding
Political parties raise money through donations, corporate funding, and electoral bonds for Campaigning, advertising, and election expenses.
Postal Ballot
A method of voting that allows certain groups, such as government employees, armed forces personnel, and senior citizens, to vote remotely.
Proportional Representation System
An alternative voting system where seats are allocated to parties based on the percentage of votes they receive. India mainly follows the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system, but proportional representation is used in Rajya Sabha elections.
Party Symbol
A unique symbol allotted by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to political parties for identification on ballot papers and EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines).
Polling Booth (Matdaan Kendra)
A designated location where voters cast their votes on polling day.
Polling Agent
A representative of a political party or Candidate who monitors the polling process to prevent election fraud.
Plurality Voting System
A system where a candidate with the most votes wins, even if they don’t get an absolute majority (more than 50% of votes).
Political Advertising
Promotion of candidates and parties through TV ads, social media campaigns, newspapers, and posters.
Pre-Poll Alliance
A political alliance is formed before elections, where multiple parties agree to contest together and support common candidates.
Post-Poll Alliance
An alliance is formed after elections when no party secures a majority and parties join together to form a government.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in Elections
Legal cases filed in courts to challenge election irregularities, corruption, or voting rights violations.
Proxy Voting
Armed forces personnel in India have access to a voting system in which a registered voter can authorize another person to vote on their behalf.
Political Dynasty
The practice where political leadership is passed down within a family, leading to dynastic politics.
Presidential Elections in India
The process of electing the President of India where Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) vote through an electoral college system.
Political Turncoat (Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram Phenomenon)
A term used for politicians who frequently switch parties for electoral benefits.
Panchayati Raj System
The system of local self-government in rural India, where representatives are elected at the village, block, and district levels.
Paid Voter Mobilization
It is an illegal practice where political parties pay individuals or groups to mobilize voters in their favor.
Political Propaganda
The use of biased or misleading information to influence voter opinion during elections.
Polling Day Restrictions
Rules enforced on election day include banning liquor sales, campaigning near polling stations, and prohibiting exit polls.
Preferential Voting System
In India’s presidential and Rajya Sabha elections, voters rank candidates by preference.
Pre-Election Surveys
Polls are conducted before elections to gauge voter sentiment and predict election outcomes.
Political Polarization
During elections, voters become strongly divided along ideological, religious, or caste-based lines.
Polling Percentage (Voter Turnout)
The percentage of registered voters who cast their vote in an election.
Prohibited Activities Under the Model Code of Conduct
Activities banned during elections include hate speech, offering bribes for votes, and using government resources for Campaigning.
Poll Rigging
Electoral fraud, where results are manipulated through bogus voting, booth capturing, or tampering with EVMs.
Political Debates
Live discussions between candidates, party leaders, and political analysts to discuss election policies and issues.
Performance-Based Voting
A voting pattern where voters base their decisions on a party’s governance record, economic policies, and past achievements.
Indian Election Glossary: Q
The Indian electoral system defines governance, voting, and political strategies in several important terms. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “Q”:
Quorum in Parliament and State Assemblies
The minimum number of Members of Parliament (MPs) or Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) must be present to conduct official legislative business. Without a quorum, proceedings cannot take place.
Question Hour in Parliament
The first hour of a parliamentary session, where members question the government about policies, governance, and election-related issues.
Quick Count in Elections
A method of rapidly tallying votes at polling stations immediately after voting ends to provide an early indication of election results.
Quiet Period (Election Silence Period)
The 48-hour period before polling day, when political parties and candidates are prohibited from Campaigning, allows voters to make decisions without last-minute influence.
Quota System in Elections
Reserved seats in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and local bodies for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to ensure their political representation.
Quashed Election Results
When courts declare an election null and void due to fraud, violation of election laws, or misconduct, leading to re-polling or by-elections.
Qualifications for Contesting Elections
The Representation of the People Act of 1951 defines the eligibility criteria that candidates must meet to contest elections, such as age limit, citizenship, and criminal record disclosures.
Quick Response Teams (QRTs) in Elections
Special security teams are deployed during elections to handle electoral violence, booth capturing, and voter intimidation.
Quasi-Judicial Powers of the Election Commission
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has powers similar to those of a court, allowing it to punish violations of the Model Code of Conduct and take action against electoral malpractices.
Questionable Campaign Practices
Unethical election practices, such as hate speech, fake news, voter suppression, and spreading misinformation about opponents.
Quiet Diplomacy in Political Alliances
Secret or behind-the-scenes negotiations between political parties to form alliances or strategize coalition governments.
Qualitative Voter Data Analysis
Analyzing voter demographics, caste patterns, and historical voting trends to predict election outcomes.
Quota-Based Candidate Selection
A political strategy where parties allocate tickets to candidates based on caste, religion, gender, and regional representation.
Quick Vote Trend Reporting
The practice of news channels providing real-time updates during the counting of votes.
Quarantine Measures for EVMs
Security protocols are followed to seal and store Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) before and after polling to prevent tampering.
Queuing System at Polling Booths
The structured arrangement where voters line up in a regulated manner ensures a smooth voting process.
Quick Verification of Voter Identity
Use Voter ID cards, Aadhar linkage, and biometric authentication to verify voters and prevent duplicate voting.
Quota for Women in Elections
A proposal to reserve a certain percentage of seats for women candidates in Parliament and State Assemblies aimed at improving gender representation in politics.
Questionable Political Funding
Unexplained sources of political donations and party funds are often linked to corporate lobbying and electoral corruption.
Qualitative Impact of Elections on Governance
The assessment of how elections influence policy-making, governance quality, and democratic accountability.
Queue Management in High Turnout Elections
Measures taken by the Election Commission to handle large crowds at polling booths, ensuring smooth voting.
Quorum Call in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
A procedural motion will be made to check if the required number of members is present in Parliament before proceeding with discussions.
Questionable Exit Poll Methodologies
Concerns over biased or misleading exit polls that could influence voter behavior and stock market reactions.
Quick Counting Discrepancies
Errors or mismatches are found during initial rapid vote counting, often requiring verification through VVPATs.
Quasi-Governmental Electoral Bodies
Think tanks, political research agencies, and independent election watchdogs are organizations that assist in elections but are not directly part of the Election Commission.
Quota-Based Voting Trends
The impact of reservation policies on voter behavior, particularly among SC, ST, OBC, and economically weaker sections (EWS).
Questioning of Candidates in Public Forums
Open political debates where voters directly ask candidates questions about their policies and governance plans.
Quelling Electoral Violence
Strategies used by security forces to prevent riots, violence, and booth capturing during elections.
Quantum of Electoral Bonds Issued
The total amount of funds political parties receive through electoral bonds is often debated for transparency and accountability.
Quick Mobilization of Election Staff
The rapid deployment of polling officers, security personnel, and electoral machinery to conduct elections smoothly.
Indian Election Glossary: R
The Indian electoral system includes various important terms that define governance, political strategies, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “R”:
Rajya Sabha Elections
Elections are held to elect members of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament). MLAs of State Assemblies elect members through proportional representation.
Representation of the People Act, 1951
A key law governing elections in India covers candidate eligibility, disqualification rules, election procedures, and penalties for malpractices.
Reserved Constituencies
Electoral constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to ensure their political representation.
Reelection (Re-Polling)
If elections are declared invalid due to fraud, violence, or technical issues, a second round of voting is conducted.
Right to Recall
A proposed electoral reform allows voters to remove an elected representative before the completion of their term due to non-performance or misconduct.
Rogue Voting
It is an illegal practice where individuals vote multiple times or cast votes for someone else, violating election laws.
Returning Officer (RO)
An official appointed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) is responsible for conducting elections in a constituency, including nomination scrutiny, polling supervision, and result declaration.
Rigging in Elections
A form of electoral fraud where votes are manipulated, tampered with, or illegally influenced to alter election outcomes.
Rajya Sabha Nomination Process
In addition to elected members, the President of India nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha, chosen for their expertise in literature, science, the arts, and social service.
Religious Polarization in Elections
The use of religion-based narratives, caste, and identity politics to influence voter behavior.
Retaining Deposit in Elections
Candidates submit a security deposit during nominations. If a candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the polled votes, their deposit is forfeited.
Right to Vote in India
A constitutional right for every Indian citizen above 18 years to participate in elections.
Reserved Seats for Women in Local Bodies
33% of panchayat and municipal election seats are reserved for women, ensuring their participation in local governance.
Redrawing Constituency Boundaries (Delimitation)
The Delimitation Commission carries out the process of adjusting electoral constituency boundaries based on population changes.
Recall of Election Commission Officials
A legal provision that allows the Election Commission to remove election officials involved in misconduct or election malpractice.
Right to Information (RTI) and Election Transparency
RTI laws allow citizens to seek details about election expenses, party funding, and candidate backgrounds.
Real-Time Voter Turnout Updates
Live reporting of voter turnout percentages during polling by the Election Commission.
Reforms in Political Funding
Proposed changes to improve transparency in election financing, including disclosure of corporate and anonymous donations.
Reservation in Legislative Assemblies
Seats in State Assemblies are reserved for SCs and STs based on their population proportion.
Right-Wing and Left-Wing Political Ideologies
- Right-Wing Politics – Conservative policies, nationalism, and market-driven reforms.
- Left-Wing Politics – Focus on social justice, equality, and government intervention in the economy.
Rigorous Scrutiny of Nomination Papers
The process where election officials verify candidate nominations to ensure they meet constitutional eligibility requirements.
Religious Leaders’ Role in Elections
The influence of spiritual and religious figures on voter behavior often leads to controversy.
Recognized National and State Political Parties
The Election Commission categorizes political parties as National or State parties based on their vote share and electoral performance.
Rally-Based Campaigning
A traditional election strategy where political leaders hold public meetings, speeches, and roadshows to connect with voters.
Rural vs. Urban Voting Trends
Economic conditions, caste, and development issues influence differences in voting patterns between rural and urban populations.
Rejected Ballots in Paper Voting
Before the adoption of EVMs, many votes were invalidated due to improper markings on paper ballots.
Right to Political Representation
A fundamental principle ensures every citizen, regardless of caste, religion, or gender, has the right to contest elections.
Restriction on Exit Polls
A rule prohibiting the publication of exit poll results until voting is completed nationwide prevents undue influence on voters.
Roadmap for Future Electoral Reforms
Proposals to improve elections, including One Nation, One Election, digital voting, stricter campaign finance laws, and increasing female representation.
Record-Breaking Voter Turnout Elections
Elections where voter turnout surpasses historical records, indicating high political engagement.
Indian Election Glossary: S
The Indian electoral system includes various important terms that define governance, political strategies, and voter behavior. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “S”:
State Legislative Assembly Elections
Elections are held to elect each state’s Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). The ruling party forms the state government.
Star Campaigner
A high-profile leader designated by a political party to campaign on its behalf. Prime Ministers, Chief Ministers, and senior party leaders are often considered star campaigners.
Silent Period (Election Silence Period)
The 48 hours before polling day, political parties cannot campaign, publish advertisements, or influence voters.
Secularism in Elections
The constitutional principle ensures the separation of religion and state, preventing the use of religious appeals in political campaigns.
State Election Commission (SEC)
The constitutional body is responsible for conducting local elections, such as Municipal and Panchayat.
Special Category Voters
Voters with special voting provisions include armed forces personnel, government employees on election duty, differently abled voters, and senior citizens.
Seat-Sharing Agreement
An agreement between political allies in a coalition decides how many seats each party will contest in an election.
Single-Phase vs. Multi-Phase Elections
- Single-Phase Election – Conducted across all constituencies on a single day.
- Multi-Phase Election – Conducted in different state phases to manage security and logistics.
Swing Voters
Voters who do not have strong party loyalty may change their preferences in different elections.
Social Media in Elections
Using platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube for campaigning, voter outreach, and political advertising.
Split Voting (Strategic Voting)
A voting pattern where voters support one party in the national elections and a different party in state elections.
Saffron Wave
A term used to describe the rise of right-wing or Hindu nationalist political movements, especially related to the BJP and RSS.
Suo Moto Powers of the Election Commission
The Election Commission of India (ECI) can act at its discretion to ensure free and fair elections.
Seat Redistribution (Delimitation)
The process of redrawing electoral constituency boundaries based on population shifts.
Simultaneous Elections (One Nation, One Election)
A proposed reform where Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections are held simultaneously to reduce costs and election fatigue.
Safe Seats
Constituencies where a political party or Candidate has a high chance of winning consistently.
Social Justice and Electoral Policies
Policies aimed to ensure caste-based and economic reservations, affirmative action, and equal political representation.
Special Polling Booths
Polling stations are set up for remote areas, emergency services personnel, and differently-abled voters.
SC/ST Reservation in Elections
Certain constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates to ensure their political representation.
Strategic Alliances in Elections
Political parties form alliances to maximize votes and counter opposition parties.
Staggered Elections
Elections are conducted over a longer duration in multiple phases to manage security and logistics effectively.
Survey-Based Election Predictions
Polling agencies conduct pre-election and exit polls to analyze voter trends and predict results.
State vs. National Political Parties
- State Parties – Recognized in a particular state and influential at the regional level.
- National Parties – Recognized across multiple states and contest elections nationwide.
Stringent Election Code Violations
Strict penalties for violating the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), including disqualification, fines, and legal action.
Secular Vote Bank
A term referring to voters who prefer secular parties over religion-based political groups.
Social Media Troll Armies in Elections
Coordinated online campaigns by political IT cells to promote narratives and attack opponents.
Supreme Court and Electoral Reforms
The Supreme Court of India plays a crucial role in electoral matters, such as banning convicted criminals from contesting elections.
Smart Voter Awareness Campaigns
The Election Commission and civil groups conduct campaigns to educate voters about their rights and encourage participation.
Self-Nomination in Elections
An individual can file their nomination without needing a political party’s backing.
Secret Ballot System
This method ensures voters vote in privacy, preventing intimidation and vote manipulation.
Indian Election Glossary: T
The Indian electoral system includes key terms defining governance, voting processes, and political strategies. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “T”:
Tactical Voting
A voting strategy where voters choose a candidate not as their first preference but to prevent an unfavorable outcome (e.g., voting for the strongest opponent of an undesired candidate).
Turnout (Voter Turnout)
The percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.
Tampering with Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)
Allegations or attempts to manipulate EVMs to influence election results, though the Election Commission claims EVMs are tamper-proof.
Ticket Distribution in Political Parties
The process where political parties select and nominate candidates to contest elections.
Tribal Reservations in Elections
A certain number of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (STs) to ensure their political representation.
Two-Phase and Multi-Phase Elections
Elections are conducted in multiple phases across different regions to ensure security, voter participation, and smooth administration.
Tenure of Elected Representatives
The standard term of office for elected representatives in India:
- Lok Sabha & State Assemblies – 5 years
- Rajya Sabha Members – 6 years (one-third retire every two years)
- President & Vice-President – 5 years
Transparent Ballot Counting
The practice of ensuring transparency in vote counting, including the use of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) systems.
Third Front in Indian Politics
A coalition of regional and smaller national parties that attempt to form a government without aligning with major parties like BJP or Congress.
Trust Vote (Vote of Confidence)
A parliamentary procedure where the ruling government proves its majority in Lok Sabha or a State Assembly to continue governing.
Taxpayer Money and Election Funding
Government spending on election administration, security, and campaign subsidies.
Ticket Seekers
Individuals within a political party who actively seek a party nomination to contest elections.
Television Debates and Election Campaigns
Live debates between political leaders on news channels and digital platforms, focusing on policies, governance, and election manifestos.
Transferable Vote System
A voting method used in Rajya Sabha and presidential elections is where voters rank candidates in order of preference.
Temporary Voter ID for Elections
A provision where new voters registering close to election dates receive a temporary voter slip to cast their vote.
Two-Party vs. Multi-Party System in India
- Two-Party System – A system dominated by two major parties (e.g., the U.S.).
- Multi-Party System – India follows this system, where multiple parties contest elections, often forming coalition governments.
Tamil Nadu Model of Election Campaigning
This term refers to highly localized and populist campaign strategies in Tamil Nadu, where welfare schemes, cinema influence, and caste politics play key roles.
Tabulated Election Results
The structured presentation of election results shows vote counts, winning margins, and party performances.
Temporary Election Commissioners
Officials are appointed ad-hoc to help the Election Commission conduct elections smoothly.
Twitter Wars During Elections
Political parties and leaders aggressively use social media during elections to engage in public debates, criticism, and propaganda.
Tribal Political Mobilization
The increasing participation of tribal communities in elections influences forest rights, education, and employment policies.
Trend Analysis in Elections
Data analytics studies voter behavior, predicts outcomes, and assess political swings.
Time Limit for Campaigning
According to the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), political campaigning is restricted beyond 10 p.m. to prevent public disturbances.
Two-Thirds Majority in Parliament
A supermajority is required for constitutional amendments, impeachment of the President, and passing specific resolutions.
Tribal Political Parties
Parties primarily represent tribal communities, such as Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) and Indigenous People’s Front of Tripura (IPFT).
Test Elections (Mock Polls)
Trial elections are conducted before the polling day to ensure EVMs and VVPATs function correctly.
Temporary Alliance in Elections
When political parties form short-term alliances solely for electoral gains and dissolve them post-election.
Television vs. Digital Election Advertising
- Traditional media (TV, radio, newspapers)
- Digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Google Ads)
- Political parties are increasingly shifting towards digital election campaigns.
Tight Security in High-Risk Constituencies
Special security arrangements are made in areas prone to electoral violence, Naxalite influence, or communal tensions.
Two Ballots in Simultaneous Elections
A proposed reform where voters would cast one vote for Lok Sabha and another for State Assembly elections on the same day.
Indian Election Glossary: U
The Indian electoral system includes various key terms related to governance, political strategies, and voting processes. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “U”:
Universal Adult Suffrage
A fundamental principle of democracy is that every Indian citizen above 18 has the right to vote, regardless of caste, gender, religion, or socio-economic status.
Unrecognized Political Parties
Political parties that do not meet the Election Commission’s criteria for recognition as a National or State party can still contest elections.
Urban-Rural Voting Divide
Development, economic issues, and caste dynamics influence the difference in voting patterns and turnout between urban and rural voters.
Unopposed Election Victory
A situation where a candidate wins without opposition, meaning no other candidates file nominations against them.
Under-Representation in Elections
When specific communities, such as women, tribals, or economically weaker sections, have lower participation in elections or fewer elected representatives.
Upper House Elections (Rajya Sabha Elections)
Elections are conducted to elect members to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament), where MLAs vote instead of the general public.
Use of Government Machinery in Elections
A violation of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is where the ruling party misuses government resources (such as official vehicles, state media, or funds) for election campaigns.
Underhand Election Tactics
Illegal or unethical practices such as vote-buying, misinformation, booth capturing, and rigging to manipulate election outcomes.
Unequal Media Coverage in Elections
When certain political parties or candidates receive more media attention than others, leading to concerns about bias and unfair electoral influence.
Unauthorized Campaigning
Political parties or candidates campaigning beyond the permitted hours, violating the Election Commission’s guidelines.
Upstart Political Parties
Newly formed or emerging political parties that challenge established parties by introducing alternative ideologies and fresh leadership.
Unofficial Exit Polls
Exit polls are conducted unofficially or illegally before the polling period ends, which can influence voter behavior.
Under-Counting of Votes
A discrepancy where fewer votes are recorded than the number of voters who participated, often leading to election disputes.
Urgent Re-Polling Orders
When elections are disrupted due to fraud, violence, or technical failures, the Election Commission may order a re-poll in specific polling stations.
Urban Political Mobilization
Strategies used to increase voter participation in urban areas, where voter turnout is often lower than in rural regions.
Unethical Election Promises
Political parties make unrealistic or misleading promises in their manifestos to gain votes.
Underprivileged Voter Outreach Programs
Government and NGO initiatives to increase voter awareness and participation among economically weaker sections.
Uncontested Seats
Seats where only one candidate files for nomination, leading to an automatic victory without an election.
Uniform Voting Rights
Ensures that every vote carries equal weight, preventing discrimination based on geography, caste, or religion.
Unauthorized Polling Booths
Polling stations are set up illegally to manipulate election results.
Underage Voting Fraud
A situation where individuals below the legal voting age manage to vote using fake IDs illegally.
Unregulated Political Funding
Political donations from unknown or illegal sources are often associated with black money and corruption.
Urgent Supreme Court Interventions in Elections
Legal cases where the Supreme Court takes emergency action to resolve electoral disputes or violations.
Unused Votes in Legislative Elections
Votes that remain uncast in indirect elections, such as in Rajya Sabha and Presidential elections, due to MLAs and MPs abstaining.
Upliftment Schemes and Election Strategies
Political parties announce or promote welfare schemes just before elections to attract voter support.
Unequal Distribution of Voter ID Cards
Cases where some eligible voters face difficulties in obtaining Voter ID cards, leading to exclusion from elections.
Urban Vs. Rural Political Influence
- Urban Politics – Focuses on issues like infrastructure, economy, and technology.
- Rural Politics – Revolves around agriculture, caste equations, and essential services like water and electricity.
Unconstitutional Election Practices
Election practices that violate the Constitution of India, such as discriminatory policies, election violence, and suppression of voter rights.
Unfair Redistricting (Gerrymandering)
Manipulation of electoral boundaries to favor a particular party, though India has a Delimitation Commission to prevent this.
Unbiased Election Reporting
Media outlets are responsible for providing fair and balanced election coverage without favoring any political party.
Indian Election Glossary: V
The Indian electoral system includes several important terms defining governance, political strategies, and voter participation. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “V”:
Voter Turnout
The percentage of eligible voters who cast their vote in an election.
Voter ID (EPIC – Electoral Photo Identity Card)
The Election Commission of India (ECI) issued a unique identification card to identify registered voters.
Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)
A system attached to Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) that allows voters to verify their vote through a printed receipt.
Voter Suppression
Tactics, such as intimidation, misinformation, or technical issues at polling booths, discourage or prevent eligible voters from voting.
Vote Bank Politics
A political strategy where parties target specific communities, castes, or religious groups to gain electoral support.
Vote Counting Process
The procedure by which votes are counted after polling ends, and results are declared.
Voting Rights in India
The constitutional right of every Indian citizen above 18 years to vote in elections.
Vote-Buying
It is an illegal practice where candidates or parties offer money, gifts, or incentives in exchange for votes.
Valid Vote
A vote that is correctly marked and counted, as opposed to an invalid or rejected vote.
Vote of No Confidence
A parliamentary motion where opposition parties challenge the ruling government’s majority, which may lead to fresh elections.
Vote Swing
A shift in voter support from one party to another between elections.
Virtual Election Campaigns
The use of digital platforms like social media, webinars, and online rallies for political campaigning.
Voluntary Voting
India follows a voluntary voting system, meaning citizens are not legally required to vote.
Voting Machine (EVM – Electronic Voting Machine)
A device used for recording and counting votes electronically, replacing traditional paper ballots.
Voter Fraud
Illegal activities such as impersonation, double voting, and fake voter registrations to manipulate election outcomes.
Voting Rights for NRIs (Non-Resident Indians)
NRIs can vote in Indian elections but must be physically present in their constituency.
Vote Splitting
When multiple candidates from similar ideologies contest elections, the votes are divided, benefiting a rival party.
Voter Awareness Programs
Campaigns by the Election Commission and NGOs to educate voters about their rights and encourage participation.
Voting Trends
Analysis of how different demographics (youth, women, rural, urban) vote in elections.
Vote Rigging
Manipulation of election results through fraud, tampering with EVMs, or ballot stuffing.
Vote Margin
The difference in votes between the winning and the runner-up candidate.
Vote-Counting Observers
Officials appointed by the Election Commission to monitor fair vote counting and prevent fraud.
Voting Booth (Polling Station)
A designated location where voters cast their votes on election day.
Voting Compulsory Debate
A proposed reform to make voting mandatory in India, similar to countries like Australia.
Vote Canvassing
Efforts by political parties and candidates to persuade voters through door-to-door campaigns, rallies, and advertisements.
Voting Rights for Under-Trial Prisoners
Indian law allows under-trial prisoners to vote, while convicted prisoners are disqualified.
Voter Fatigue
A phenomenon where voters lose interest in elections due to frequent polling, lack of trust, or political disillusionment.
Vote-Banking Allegations
Accusations against parties for pandering to specific communities through policies and welfare schemes.
Verified Voter List
An updated electoral roll that removes duplicate and fake entries, ensuring genuine voter participation.
Virtual Voting (E-Voting)
A proposed reform to allow online voting for NRIs, senior citizens, and disabled voters to improve accessibility.
Indian Election Glossary: W
The Indian electoral system includes various important terms related to governance, political strategies, and voter participation. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “W”:
Ward Elections
Elections are held at the municipal and panchayat levels to elect representatives for specific wards (local administrative divisions).
Wasted Vote
A vote that does not contribute to the election of a candidate, either because it was cast for a losing candidate or was invalid.
Winning Margin
The votes differ between the winning candidate and the runner-up in an election.
Walkover Victory
A situation where a candidate wins uncontested, meaning no other candidates filed nominations.
Whip in Parliament and State Assemblies
A directive issued by political parties to their elected members to vote in a particular way. Ignoring a whip can lead to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law.
Women’s Reservation in Elections
A constitutional proposal to reserve 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies to improve gender representation in politics.
Withdrawal of Nomination
As per election rules, candidates can withdraw their nominations before a deadline.
Wealth Declaration by Candidates
Election laws require candidates to declare their assets and liabilities in an affidavit while filing their nomination.
Ward Councillor
An elected representative in municipal bodies is responsible for governing a specific ward.
Working Committee of Political Parties
The decision-making body of political parties that plans election strategies, candidate selection, and policy direction.
Wave Elections
Elections in which a single party or alliance wins by a massive margin, often due to strong public sentiment (e.g., the Modi Wave in 2014).
Wealth Disparity and Voting Behavior
A term used to analyze how economic status influences voting patterns, with different policies appealing to low-income vs. high-income voters.
White Money in Elections
Legally declared political donations and election expenditures instead of black money (undisclosed funds).
Ward Delimitation
The process of redrawing the boundaries of municipal wards based on population growth and urban expansion.
Waiting Period for Re-Elections
The time gap required before a by-election is held if a seat falls vacant due to death, disqualification, or resignation.
Walk-in Voter Registration
A facility that allows citizens to register as voters directly at election offices without an online process.
Women’s Voting Trends
The study of how female voters impact elections, with increasing female voter turnout in recent Indian elections.
Weekend Voting Debate
A proposed reform to hold elections on weekends to increase voter turnout.
Western Model of Elections
This refers to electoral practices in Western democracies, such as the two-party system in the U.S. vs. India’s multi-party system.
Ward Sabha (Local Voter Meeting)
A community-level meeting where voters discuss local governance issues before elections.
Wealth Cap on Political Donations
A proposed limit on how much individuals or corporations can donate to political parties.
Welfare Promises in Election Manifestos
Political parties often announce welfare schemes (free education, healthcare, financial aid) to attract voters.
Withdrawal of Candidature Due to Criminal Charges
A candidate can withdraw their nomination if convicted of serious crimes.
Ward-Level Booth Committees
Party committees at the ward level are responsible for mobilizing voters and managing booth operations.
Widespread Electoral Malpractices
Refers to large-scale election fraud such as rigging, bribery, or misuse of government machinery.
Worker Unions and Political Influence
Labor unions often support parties that align with their demands, influencing election outcomes in industrial regions.
Web-Based Voting Experiment
A proposal to introduce internet voting for NRIs and disabled voters to increase accessibility.
Wealthiest Candidates in Elections
Reports analyzing the declared assets of contesting candidates often reveal multi-millionaire politicians.
Welfare State vs. Freebie Culture Debate
There is a political debate on whether government welfare schemes should be considered essential services or election freebies.
Waiting Period for Political Defectors
A restriction that prevents politicians who switch parties from contesting elections for a fixed period.
Indian Election Glossary: X
The Indian electoral system has very few terms, starting with “X.” However, here are some relevant concepts related to elections that incorporate the letter “X”:
X-Factor in Elections
An unexpected political event, personality, or trend that significantly influences election results. This could be a popular leader, a last-minute alliance, or a major policy announcement.
Xenophobia in Election Campaigns
The use of anti-foreigner or nationalist rhetoric by political parties to mobilize voters based on fear of external threats.
X Mark on Ballot Paper (Before EVMs)
In manual voting (before EVMs), voters indicated their preferred candidate by marking paper ballots with an “X.”
X-Day (Election Day)
Media and political analysts use a term to refer to the day of voting or result declaration.
X-Quota in Elections
A reference to exclusive or unique reservation categories such as SC/ST, OBC, EWS, and women’s quotas in elections.
X-Rated Political Advertisements
Election ads or political messages containing objectionable content, hate speech, or false propaganda violate the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
X-Votes (Invalid or Rejected Votes)
Votes that are spoiled, improperly marked, or incorrectly submitted, leading to their rejection.
Xeroxed Voter ID Fraud
A form of electoral fraud where fake or duplicate voter ID cards are created using photocopied (xeroxed) documents.
Exit Polls (Often Denoted as “X-Polls”)
Surveys are conducted immediately after voters exit polling stations to predict election results before official counting.
X-Chair Candidates (Standby Candidates)
Political parties place candidates as substitutes if the primary candidate withdraws or is disqualified.
Indian Election Glossary: Y
The Indian electoral system includes various key terms related to governance, political strategies, and voter participation. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “Y”:
Youth Voter Turnout
The percentage of young voters (18-25 years old) participating in elections. This demographic has been a key factor in recent Indian elections.
Youth Wings of Political Parties
Organizations within major political parties that mobilize young supporters. Examples include:
- Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJP’s youth wing)
- Indian Youth Congress (Congress party’s youth wing)
Youngest MPs and MLAs
Candidates who become elected very young often represent the youth voice in Parliament and State Assemblies.
Youth Manifesto
Political parties released a document targeting young voters, focusing on education, employment, startups, and digital economy policies.
Youth-Led Political Movements
Movements in which students and young leaders play a crucial role in influencing electoral outcomes (e.g., the JP Movement and anti-CAA protests).
Year-Round Political Campaigning
Unlike traditional election campaigns, some parties engage in continuous voter outreach and digital engagement throughout the year.
Young Voter Registration Drives
Programs initiated by the Election Commission of India (ECI) and NGOs to register first-time voters.
Youth Quota in Politics
A proposed reform to reserve a percentage of seats for young candidates in elections, ensuring youth representation in governance.
Yellow Journalism in Elections
The practice of using sensationalized or misleading news to influence public opinion before elections.
Yearly Political Reports
Reports released by parties, think tanks, or independent organizations summarizing voter trends, political shifts, and electoral performances.
YouTube Political Advertising
There is a growing use of YouTube ads, live debates, and influencer campaigns to target young voters.
Youth Unemployment as an Election Issue
A major electoral topic where parties promise job creation, skill development, and startup support to attract young voters.
Youngest Chief Ministers and Prime Ministers
There is a record of political leaders who assumed office young, such as Rajiv Gandhi (India’s youngest PM at 40).
Youth-Centric Political Alliances
Political coalitions formed with a focus on youth empowerment, including promises of education reforms, internships, and entrepreneurship programs.
Year-End Political Surveys
Annual opinion polls analyze public sentiment towards the government, policies, and political parties.
Yellow Card Rule for Politicians
A proposed concept where politicians with multiple legal or ethical violations could receive a warning (yellow card) before disqualification.
Youth Vote Swing
The influence of young voters in deciding close elections, particularly in urban constituencies.
Young Politicians in Regional Parties
The rise of young leaders in regional parties, bringing modern campaign strategies and digital engagement.
Yearly Election Calendar
The official schedule of state and national elections was released by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
Yojanas (Government Schemes) and Election Promises
Political parties often highlight popular government schemes (yojanas) such as:
- PM-KISAN (for farmers)
- Startup India (for entrepreneurs)
- Skill India (for youth employment)
Young Leaders’ Debates
Televised and online debates where emerging politicians discuss national issues to engage young voters.
YouTube Exit Polls
Live-streamed discussions and predictions about election results based on surveys and voter analysis.
Youth Mobilization Strategies
Parties use techniques to attract young supporters, including social media campaigns, celebrity endorsements, and gamified political engagement.
Year-Round Voter Awareness Campaigns
ECI and civil organizations conduct continuous voter education programs to increase election participation.
Youth as Political Candidates
This is an increasing trend, with young professionals, entrepreneurs, and activists contesting elections to bring fresh perspectives to governance.
Yellow Voter Slips
A reference to the voter slips distributed to citizens before elections, which contain polling booth details and voter ID numbers.
Youngest Election Commissioners in India
A record of young officials appointed to the Election Commission, ensuring modern electoral practices.
Yearly Political Accountability Reports
Independent assessments of whether elected governments are fulfilling their electoral promises.
YouTube vs. Traditional Media in Elections
There is a debate on the increasing role of digital platforms in elections, with YouTube and social media often outperforming traditional TV and print media.
Youth-Driven Protests and Electoral Impact
Youth lead political protests influencing voter turnout and policy decisions, such as the anti-corruption movement and student-led agitations.
Indian Election Glossary: Z
The Indian electoral system includes various key terms related to governance, political strategies, and voter participation. Here’s a comprehensive glossary of election-related terms starting with the letter “Z”:
Zero Hour in Parliament
The time immediately after Question Hour in Parliament when Members of Parliament (MPs) can raise urgent public interest matters, including election-related concerns.
Zero Turnout Polling Booths
Polling stations where no votes are cast due to boycott, violence, or extreme voter apathy.
Zonal Magistrates in Elections
Officials appointed by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to oversee law and order in a designated electoral zone.
Zero Tolerance Policy for Electoral Malpractices
The strict enforcement of anti-corruption and anti-fraud measures during elections.
Z-Category Security for Political Leaders
A high-level security cover is provided to important politicians and election candidates under threat.
Zone-Based Election Monitoring
A system where elections are divided into zones, each with a dedicated monitoring team to prevent fraud and violence.
Zip Code-Based Voter Data Analysis
A method used to analyze voting trends based on geographic locations, helping parties strategize campaign outreach.
Zonal Election Observers
Officials who supervise elections in specific zones, ensuring compliance with Election Commission guidelines.
Zero Error Counting System
A procedure implemented to ensure accuracy in vote counting and prevent miscalculations.
Zenith of Electoral Participation
Refers to elections with record-high voter turnout, showing maximum electorate engagement.
Zonal Level Political Alliances
Regional political coalitions are formed at the state or district level to influence local elections.
Zombie Voters (Bogus Voting)
Fake or non-existent voters are used in electoral fraud to cast illegal votes.
Zoom Debates in Elections
Virtual platforms like Zoom are increasingly used for political debates, press conferences, and voter outreach.
Zero-Budget Political Campaigns
Election campaigns run with minimal financial resources, relying heavily on social media and volunteer efforts.
Z+ Security for VVIPs in Elections
Prime Ministers, high-profile politicians, and election candidates facing major threats are provided with the highest level of security.
Zonal Distribution of Electoral Resources
The strategic placement of EVMs, security forces, and election officers across different zones is essential for efficient election management.
Zero Influence Policy in Election Commission
A policy ensuring that the Election Commission operates independently, free from political pressure or influence.
Zealous Voter Mobilization
Highly energetic grassroots campaigns aimed at ensuring maximum voter participation.
Zonal Restrictions on Political Rallies
Certain high-risk areas may restrict large political gatherings due to security concerns.
Zero Cash Election Model
A proposed reform to conduct elections without physical cash transactions, ensuring transparency in campaign funding.
Zonal Level Exit Polls
Region-specific exit polls were conducted to predict election trends based on voting patterns in different zones.
Zero Delay in Election Results Declaration
A practice of ensuring real-time vote counting and early result announcements through EVMs and VVPAT verification.
Zombie Campaigning
It is a term for repetitive and outdated election strategies that fail to engage modern voters.
Zip Code-Based Political Advertisements
Targeted digital election ads based on a voter’s geographic location.
Zoning in Political Delimitation
The process of dividing electoral regions into manageable zones for effective governance.
Zealots in Electoral Politics
Highly devoted and extreme political supporters who actively campaign for a party or ideology.
Zonal Voter Awareness Programs
Educational programs are conducted in specific zones to improve voter literacy and participation.
Zero Conflict Elections
Elections are held without violence, malpractice, or disruptions, ensuring a smooth democratic process.
Zenith-Level Voter Registration Drives
Large-scale initiatives were launched to register first-time voters and maximize electoral participation.
Zero Waste Election Campaigns
A push for eco-friendly campaigning, reducing plastic banners, paper flyers, and excessive material waste.
Conclusion
Elections in India are not just about casting votes; they represent the essence of democracy, ensuring representation, governance, and accountability. Understanding the terminology and concepts associated with Indian elections is crucial for making informed decisions, engaging in meaningful discussions, and actively participating in the democratic process.
From electoral bonds to vote-counting procedures, this glossary has covered various political terms that define how elections in India function. As the nation evolves, so will its electoral system, bringing in new reforms, technologies, and policies that shape its democratic future.
By familiarizing yourself with these terms, you empower yourself as a voter and a responsible citizen. A well-informed electorate is the foundation of a thriving democracy. Whether preparing for the next elections or simply expanding your political knowledge, staying informed ensures that your voice is heard and understood.
If you are an Indian politics enthusiast or want to be in the know of current affairs, then this election glossary is for you.
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